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Mechanical Injuries: Definition, Types and Factors Affecting

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What are Mechanical Injuries? Injuries that are produced by any kind of mechanical force like blunt, sharp objects, firearms, etc are known as mechanical injuries. Injuries are defined as any harm to any person in body, mind, reputation, or property. Types of mechanical Injuries (A) Blunt force mechanical injuries Injuries caused by blunt force impact by objects like bat pipe, rod, etc are known as blunt force mechanical injuries. The injuries by blunt force produce abrasion, bruise, laceration, etc. 1. Abrasion Injury caused by the removal of the superficial epithelial layer of skin (generally epidermis) by friction against the rough surface is called abrasion. Following are the types of abrasion: (a) Scratch/ Linear Abrasion Linear abrasion is caused by a sharp or pointed object like a fingernail, thorn, or pin on the surface of the skin. It has some length but no significant width. (b) Graze abrasion (sliding/scrape/grinding abrasion) Graze abrasion is caused by horizontal or ta...
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Conducting Polymers: Definition, Examples, Properties and Applications

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What are Conducting Polymers? As the name suggests organic polymers that conduct electricity are known as conducting polymers. They are also known as intrinsically conducting polymers (ICPs) and they have alternating single and double bonds along the polymer backbone (conjugated bonds) or that are composed of aromatic rings such as Phenylene, naphthalene, anthracene, pyrrole, and thiophene which are connected through carbon-carbon single bonds. Examples: Polyacetylene, Polypyrrole, Polyaniline, etc What is the reason behind conducting nature of these polymers? Conducting polymers comes in two forms that are doped conducting polymers and non-doped conducting polymers. The conductivity of non-doped conjugated polymers is due to the existence of a conductivity band similar to a metal. In a conjugated polymer, three of the four valence electrons form strong sigma bonds through sp² hybridization where electrons are strongly localized. The remaining unpaired electron of each carbon atom re...
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation, Working and Applications

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What is Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy? Atomic absorption spectroscopy provides us the data about the absorbance of electromagnetic radiation by specific elements. This technique is widely used to determine the presence of unknown elements like alkali and alkali earth metals in the sample.  This is supported by the fact that different metals will absorb different wavelengths of radiation and transmitted radiation is detected by using Lambert Beer's law the graph between the absorbance and the wavelength of the radiation is plotted. Instrumentation of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy 1. Radiation source The most common radiation source in Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy is a hollow cathode lamp (HCL). It contains a tungsten anode and a cylindrical hollow cathode made of the element of desire which is the element that is to be determined in the sample.  These anode and cathode are sealed into a glass tube filled with an inert gas like neon or argon . When a voltage is appl...
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