Sciencedoze: Science, Education and Technology

What is Ceramic? A ceramic is an inorganic, non-metallic solid mainly based on oxide, nitride, boride, or carbide that are shaped and then fixed at high temperatures. Ceramic is hard, brittle, heat-resistant, and corrosion-resistant. Ceramic is used almost everywhere like in kitchens, cookware, pottery, bricks, pipes, etc.  Many ceramics contain a mixture of ionic and covalent bonds between them. That's why they exist in crystalline, semi-crystalline, and vitreous form. Properties of Ceramics 1. Ceramics have high hardness. 2. They are brittle and have poor toughness. 3. They have a high melting point. 4. They have poor electrical and thermal conductivity. 5. They have low ductility. 6. They have a high modulus of elasticity. 7. They have high compression strength. 8. They show optical transparency to a variety of wavelengths. Application of Ceramics 1. Silicon carbide and tungsten carbide are technical ceramics that are used in body armor, wear plates for mining, and machine

The Fours Steps for Manufacturing of Glass 1. Collection of raw materials The raw materials such as silica (in the form of sand or quartz SiO2), soda ash (Na3CO3), limestone (CaCO3), and cullet (broken glass) are collected separately and mixed in a proper proportion. The fusion of cullet (broken glass) is added to bring down the melting point of the charge. 2. Preparation of Batch The raw materials, cullet, and decolourisers are finely powdered in grinding machines. These materials are accurately weighed in correct proportions before they are mixed. The mixing of these materials is carried out in mixing machines until a uniform mixture is obtained. Such a uniform mixture is known as batch or frit . It is taken for further process of melting in a furnace. 3. Melting or heating of the charge The glass batch is melted either in a pot furnace or in a tank furnace. It is made of fireclay or platinum. The heating is continued until the evolution of carbon dioxide, oxygen, sulfur diox